A guardian is a person who is responsible for your personal affairs. A guardian is appointed by a judge after he or she determines that you lack capacity to make decisions about your person.

A conservator is a person who is responsible for managing your estate and financial affairs. A conservator is appointed by a judge after he or she determines that you lack capacity to make decisions about your money.

A guardian makes decisions about your person. For example, your guardian could decide where you live, what you eat or which doctor you see. A conservator makes decisions about your money. For example, your conservator could pay your bills or invest your money for your benefit.

Yes. Frequently the same person is appointed as guardian and conservator. However, the court can appoint different people to fill these jobs if it determines that would be in your best interests.

A judge makes the final determination as to whether you need to have a guardian / conservator appointed.

The judge must find that you are a “protected person.” In order to categorize you as a “protected person”, the court must find that because of mental impairment, you are unable to receive and evaluate information effectively or to respond to people, events, and environments to such an extent that you do not have the capacity to:

1. To meet the essential requirements for your health, care, safety, habilitation, or therapeutic needs without the help of a guardian; (You cannot take care of yourself physically) or
2. To manage your property or financial affairs or to provide for your support of your legal dependents without the help of a conservator. (You cannot manage your money)

Someone makes an official request to the court to appoint a guardian / conservator for you. The act of making this official request is called “filing a petition.” The person filing the petition is called the “petitioner.” The petitioner must include a report from an evaluation physician or psychologist that states you are in need of a guardian/conservator.

Any of the following people can file a petition to have the court appoint a guardian / conservator for you:

1. You;
2. A person who is either responsible for your care or who has assumed responsibility for your care;
3. A facility providing your care, like a hospital or nursing home;
4. The person you have nominated as guardian or conservator, (more about this later);
5. ANY other interested party, including, but not limited to, the Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR).

The petitioner will have to pay a fee when the petition is filed. If you file the petition and do not have the funds to pay the filing fee, you may ask the court to waive the fee.

The petition should either be filed with the clerk of the circuit court in the county where you reside or with the clerk of circuit court in the county where the healthcare facility that you have been admitted to is located.

The petition must contain:

1. the petitioner’s name and address and their relationship to you;
2. your name and address;
3. the names and addresses of your nearest known living relatives;
4. the name and address of any person or facility who is responsible for your care or custody and a detailed list of all the things they do for you or your benefit;
5. the name and address of your living will or medical power attorney representative, or appointed healthcare surrogate, and a detailed list of all the things they do for you or your benefit, (Copies of these documents should be attached to the petition if they are available);
6. the name, address and phone number of the petitioner’s attorney;
7. whether you will be able to attend the hearing and the reasons why you cannot;
8. the extent of the guardianship / conservatorship requested, the reasons why and the specific areas of protection or assistance requested;
9. the name and address of the guardian / conservator the petitioner proposes;
10. if the proposed guardian / conservator is an individual, the petition should also include his or her age, occupation, criminal history, and relationship to you;
11. the name and address of the guardian / conservator you nominated, if different from that proposed by the petitioner;
12. if the guardian / conservator you nominated is an individual, the petition should also include his or her age, occupation, criminal history, and relationship to you;
13. the name and address of any current guardian / conservator already acting on your behalf.

The petition should also include an evaluation by a licensed physician or psychologist documenting:

1. The nature, type and extent of your incapacity, including specific cognitive and functional limitations;
2. Your mental and physical condition and, if appropriate, your educational condition, adaptive behavior and social skill;
3. If the petition is requesting appointment of a guardian, a description of the services currently being provided for your health, care, safety or therapeutic needs;
4. A recommendation of the most suitable living arrangement and, if appropriate, treatment and habilitation plans;
5. An opinion as to whether the appointment of a guardian / conservator is necessary, the reasons why and the scope of the guardianship / conservatorship needed;
6. An opinion as to whether your attendance at the hearing would be detrimental to your health, care or safety;
7. A statement as to whether you are on any medications that may affect your actions, demeanor or participation at the hearing;
8. The evaluating physician or psychologist’s signature;
9. The signatures of any other individual who performed, supervised or reviewed the examinations on which the report was based or who made substantial contributions towards the report’s preparation; and
10. The date(s) of examinations on which the report is based.

The person petitioning for appointment of a guardian / conservator may file a motion with the Circuit Clerk’s office requesting permission to file the petition without a psychological evaluation. The court may grant that motion for good cause.

No. All documents and exhibits filed with the court in guardianship / conservatorship proceedings are confidential and not open to the public. Your file will be closed to the public during and after the case is closed. Only you or your attorney may inspect the file. If any other person wants to look at the file, he or she must file and petition with the court stating the reasons for inspecting the file. The court may grant the request only if there is good cause to allow the petitioner to view the file.

If someone petitions the court to have a guardian / conservator appointed for you, you will receive a notice of the date, time and place of the hearing, a copy of the petition and a copy of the doctor’s evaluation not less than fourteen days before the hearing. The court will appoint legal counsel to represent you, who will contact you before the hearing date.

Definitely. The law specifically says that you are entitled to attend the hearing. If you are not present at the hearing the judge will require a verified statement, known as an affidavit, from your doctor stating that you could not be there due to a physical inability or that if you attended it would hurt you or your health or evidence that you refused to be there.

If someone petitions the court to have a guardian / conservator appointed for you, the court must appoint a lawyer to represent your interests in the matter.  In the paperwork, this lawyer will be called your “guardian ad litem” commonly called the GAL.   In making this appointment, the court will consider your preferences if they are known. For example, if you have had a longstanding relationship with a lawyer and the court knows about this, the court should appoint this lawyer as your guardian ad litem if possible.

Your appointed lawyer or GAL has the following major duties:

1. Determination of whether a guardian is needed;
2. Tailoring the guardian’s role to your specific needs, for example, personal supervisor, business affairs, medical consent only;
3. Ensuring that the person with the greatest interest in you is appointed guardian;
4. Ensuring that the bond is adequate; and
5. Ensuring that proper living arrangements and placement are considered.

At the minimum, your appointed lawyer or GAL should meet with you and conduct an interview to determine your needs and wishes, conduct an investigation to determine if a guardian is needed, make a recommendation as to who would be the best guardian for you, and make sure that your living arrangements suit your needs.

The law provides that your appointed legal counsel or GAL can perform any or all of the following in carrying out his or her duties:

1. Promptly notify you, and any caretaker, of his or her appointment;
2. Contact any caretaker, review your file and all other relevant information;
3. Maintain contact with you throughout the case and assure that you are receiving services appropriate to your needs;
4. Contact persons who may have knowledge about you;
5. Interview all possible witnesses;
6. Pursue discovery of formal and informal evidence;
7. File appropriate motions;
8. Obtain independent psychological and medical examinations as needed;
9. Advise you about the consequences of the proceeding and find out what your specific interests and desires are;
10. Subpoena witnesses to the hearing;
11. Cross-examine witnesses;
12. Review all medical reports;
13. Tell the judge what you want;
14. Produce evidence on all relevant issues;
15. Zealously represent your interests and desires, including objecting to inadmissible testimony;
16. Raise appropriate questions to all nominations for guardian and the adequacy of the bond;
17. Take all steps to limits the scope of the guardianship to your actual needs and make all arguments to limit the scope of intervention;
18. Ensure that the court considers all issues concerning your current or intended placement

Simply put, your appointed lawyer or GAL is empowered to use any of the standard legal tools and methods to assure that your interests are protected.

Yes. There are several ways in which your preference will be considered.

1. If you already have written down your preference in a durable power of attorney, medical power of attorney or living will, this person shall be the first preferred nominee for guardian or conservator;
2. So long as you have capacity to do so, you may at any time nominate an individual to serve as your conservator / guardian;
3. If you have already named a surrogate decision-maker in a medical power of attorney or living will that person will be treated as your nomination for your guardian.  If you have already named a power of attorney representative under a durable power of attorney, that person will be treated as your nomination for your conservator.
4. Additionally, anyone who has the capacity to form a preference may nominate his or her own guardian or conservator. The nomination may be made in writing, by an oral request to the court, or may be proved by other evidence.

Not necessarily. The final decision as to who will serve as your conservator / guardian rests with the court. The court will appoint your nominee if it determines that he or she is eligible to act and would serve in your best interests.

The following people or organizations are eligible to serve as guardian/conservator:

1. Any adult individual can serve as a guardian / conservator so long as they can show that:
   1. they have the necessary education, ability and background to perform the duties of guardian / conservator;
   2. the court determines that they are capable of providing an active and suitable program of guardianship / conservatorship.
2. Any nonprofit that is licensed by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) to serve as a guardian/conservator;
3. Adult Protective Services at DHHR may serve as a guardian; and
4. The Sheriff of the county where the petition was filed may serve as the conservator.

The following persons ARE NOT ELIGIBLE to serve as guardian / conservator:

1. Persons employed by or affiliated with any public agency, entity or facility which is providing substantial services or financial assistance to you are not eligible to serve as guardian / conservator. (This category includes nursing home employees.)
2. Creditors (other than a bank or trust company).

Not necessarily. Any person being considered for appointment as a guardian / conservator must provide information regarding any crime, other than traffic offenses, of which he or she was convicted. The court must then consider this information as one factor in the individual’s fitness as guardian / conservator.

The state itself is not appointed guardian / conservator. However, if there is no one else that is eligible to serve, a representative of Adult Protective Services at the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) may be appointed to serve as guardian. Similarly, when there is no one else equally or better qualified to serve as conservator, the sheriff of the county where the petition was filed may be appointed to serve as conservator.

There are no specific educational requirements in order to be considered for appointment as a guardian / conservator. It is only necessary that the person being considered show that he or she is capable of performing the duties of guardianship / conservatorship. However, after the individual is appointed to serve as guardian / conservator he or she must complete educational training. This educational program is developed by the secretary of health and human resources and may consist of written materials and / or audio- or videotapes. The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals has an on-line training program on its website. The only reason that a newly appointed guardian / conservator would not have to complete this training would be if the court agreed that the individual did not require training because he or she completed it in the last three years.

You or any other interested person can petition the court to remove your guardian / conservator if you suspect he or she is not acting in your best interests or limit their authority. A court may remove a guardian / conservator if he or she is not acting in your best interests or for any of the following reasons:

1. If the court order appointing the guardian / conservator was entered based on a material misrepresentation or mistake, whether fraudulent or innocent;
2. If the guardian / conservator has an incapacity or illness, including substance abuse, which affects his or her fitness to perform or if he / she is adjudged to be a protected person in this state or any other jurisdiction;
3. If the guardian / conservator is convicted of a crime which reflects upon his or her fitness to perform the duties;
4. If the guardian / conservator wastes or mismanages the estate, unreasonably withholds distributions or makes distributions in a negligent or reckless manner or otherwise abuses powers or fails to discharge duties;
5. If the guardian / conservator neglects the care and custody of the protected person or legal dependents;
6. If the guardian / conservator has an interest adverse to the faithful performance of duties such that there is a substantial risk that the guardian or conservator will fail to properly perform those duties;
7. If the guardian / conservator fails to file reports or accountings when required, or fails to comply with any court order;
8. If the guardian / conservator fails to file sufficient bond after being ordered by the court to do so;
9. If the guardian / conservator avoids service of process or notice;
10. If the guardian / conservator becomes incapable of performing his or her duties.

If the court decides the guardian / conservator should be removed, a temporary guardian / conservator may be appointed until it is determined who should take on the role.

You can find a form petition to remove a guardian / conservator on the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals website.

You, or any interested person, can petition the court to limit, terminate or revoke guardianship / conservatorship. A court will limit, revoke or terminate a guardianship / conservatorship if the court finds you no longer need someone to manage your affairs because you are capable of doing it yourself or if it appears that you only need a limited guardianship/conservatorship in certain areas. A court may also modify a guardianship / conservatorship if you need less help than you did before.

You can find a form petition to remove a guardian / conservator on the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals website.

The “West Virginia Guardianship and Conservatorship Act” is contained in Chapter 44A, article 1 of the West Virginia Code.